When it comes to our furry friends, their health and well-being are of utmost importance.

Cryptorchidism in dogs is often overlooked. In this article, we will delve into the topic of cryptorchidism in dogs and explore the significance of early detection.

Cryptorchidism is a condition that primarily affects male dogs, where one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum properly. This can result in the testes being retained within the abdomen or inguinal canal rather than in their rightful place within the scrotal sac. The testes in dogs (and in mammals in general) are formed in the fetal period inside the abdominal womb, just behind the kidneys, and in the lower back. Near birth, they start to travel down and leave the belly to be at their final destination. This is a sack of skin called scrotum.

While it may not sound like a severe issue at first glance, cryptorchidism can have significant implications for a dog’s health if left untreated. The prevalence of cryptorchidism varies depending on factors such as breed and genetic predisposition, as we will see below in this article.

Certain breeds have a higher incidence of this condition than others. Studies suggest that there may be genetic factors involved in its development; however, other potential causes may include hormonal imbalances during fetal development.

Understanding these causes is crucial in addressing and preventing cryptorchidism. Detecting cryptorchidism early on is essential for several reasons. Mainly, it allows for timely intervention and treatment options that can prevent potential complications later in life (hold on to see what these complications are).

This information plays a vital role in deciding which treatment approach would be most appropriate for each individual case.

Definition of Cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism is a condition that can affect male dogs, where one or both of the testicles fail to descend into the scrotum. In normal development, the testicles originate inside the abdomen and gradually descend into the scrotum by a few weeks after birth. This is important because fertility in male animals is normal at lower temperatures than inside the body. However, in cases of cryptorchidism, the descent of one or both testes does not occur properly, leading to one or both testicles being retained within the abdominal cavity or inguinal canal.

Hence, there are two types of cryptorchidism: unilateral and bilateral. Unilateral cryptorchidism refers to a situation where only one testicle fails to descend, while bilateral cryptorchidism means that both testicles are retained.

Unilateral cryptorchidism is more common than bilateral in dogs. It’s important to note that even if only one testicle is undescended, it still poses potential health risks and should be addressed.

Prevalence and Causes

Cryptorchidism, also known as undescended testicles, is a fairly common condition found in dogs.

It occurs when one or both of the testicles fail to descend into the scrotum, remaining in the abdomen or inguinal canal instead. Studies have shown that approximately 7 % of all male dogs are affected by this condition. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12733559/

Can you believe the undescended testis is almost always the right one? (we don´t know why).

The causes of cryptorchidism can vary. While there is a strong genetic component involved, environmental factors can also play a role.

Regarding genetic factors, certain breeds are more predisposed to this condition compared to others.

Certain breeds of dogs have a higher incidence of cryptorchidism. The following list details these breeds, ordered from most prone to least prone to being cryptorchids:

• Chihuahua
• Boxer
• German shepherd dog
• Shih Tzu
• Staffordshire bull terrier
• Miniature poodle
• Pedigree
• West Highland white terrier
• Yorkshire terrier
• Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

However, it’s essential to remember that this condition can affect any breed.

Parents of affected puppies transmit the condition to their offspring

Scientists are studying why some dogs have cryptorchidism. They’ve looked at the DNA of certain breeds and found some genes that might be linked to the condition.

Apart from genetics, there can also be other potential causes for cryptorchidism.

Other factors, such as abnormal anatomy or mechanical obstructions within the abdomen, may also contribute. Identifying these underlying causes can help veterinarians provide appropriate treatment and prevent complications associated with untreated or undiagnosed cases of cryptorchidism.

In addition to genetics and breed predisposition, hormonal imbalances during fetal development can contribute to cryptorchidism. Specifically, inadequate production or response to hormones like testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) can interfere with the normal descent of the testicles. The reasons for these hormonal imbalances are not well understood.

Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of this condition.

Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that interfere with the body’s hormone systems, potentially causing adverse developmental, reproductive, neurological, and immune effects.

Substances like phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA), commonly found in plastics and household products, have been linked to hormonal disruptions and abnormal testicular descent.

Mixed-breed dogs are equally susceptible to cryptorchidism but less than the average (about 4% of all mixed dogs are cryptorchid).

Why Early Detection is Important

Early detection of cryptorchidism in dogs is of utmost importance for several reasons. Firstly, identifying this condition at an early stage allows for timely medical intervention, which can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment.

You know by now that cryptorchidism, or undescended testicles, occurs when one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum. If left untreated, it can lead to various complications such as testicular torsion or malignant tumors.

One crucial reason for early detection is the increased risk of testicular cancer in cryptorchid dogs. Research has shown that undescended testicles are more likely to develop cancer than their normally descended counterparts. What type of cancer? Dogs with undescended testes can develop a type of cancer of germ cells called seminoma. Germ cells, the precursors of sperm, become cancerous in this case.

The absence of cooling provided by the scrotal sac and location in the abdomen increases the temperature within the testis, creating an environment conducive to tumor formation. By detecting and addressing cryptorchidism early on, veterinarians can prevent or mitigate these potential health risks.

Moreover, early identification allows dog owners and breeders to make informed decisions regarding breeding practices.

As cryptorchidism is often inherited and has a genetic component, breeding dogs with this condition may pass it on to their offspring, perpetuating the problem within specific breeds or bloodlines. Early detection enables responsible breeders to remove cryptorchid dogs from their breeding programs, thus reducing the incidence of this condition in future generations and preserving breed health.

Recognizing cryptorchidism at an early stage plays a vital role in safeguarding canine health and improving overall breed welfare.

The earlier the detection, the better.

Early intervention offers better treatment outcomes while minimizing complications such as cancer development and testicular torsion risk associated with this condition.

Diagnosis and Symptoms

Veterinarians use a few key symptoms and diagnostic methods to diagnose cryptorchidism in dogs.

Firstly, one of the most obvious signs of cryptorchidism is the absence of testicles in the scrotum. During a routine physical examination, if the vet cannot palpate both testicles within the scrotum, it raises suspicion of cryptorchidism.

However, keep in mind that sometimes one or both testicles may be difficult to feel due to their small size or being located deep within the abdomen. To confirm a diagnosis of cryptorchidism, additional diagnostic tools may be employed.

One common method your vet can use is an ultrasound examination, which can help visualize the position of the undescended testicle(s) within the abdomen. This non-invasive technique allows veterinarians to get a clear image of where exactly the testicle(s) are located and assess any potential complications associated with their retention.

Another diagnostic approach is laparoscopy, which involves making tiny incisions on the abdominal wall and inserting a small camera called an endoscope.

Laparoscopy is particularly useful when there is uncertainty about whether or not a dog has truly retained testicles, as it offers direct visualization. Also allows us to see where precisely the retained testis is located.

In summary, diagnosing cryptorchidism involves a veterinarian’s careful physical examination and additional diagnostic methods such as ultrasound or laparoscopy for confirmation.

Your dog usually won´t show discomfort or behavior changes without the retained testis or testes. Keep in mind that the retained testes keep on producing testosterone, and the dogs will continue to show their normal male behavior.

It’s important to remember that early detection plays a crucial role in ensuring appropriate treatment and preventing potential complications down the line. So, if you notice any signs indicating cryptorchidism in your furry friend, don’t hesitate to schedule a visit with your trusted vet for further evaluation and guidance.

When to expect cryptorchidism in dogs?

Dog testes normally descend 4 weeks after birth, on average. Your vet can detect cryptorchidism during the first consultation of your puppy. This can take longer in some dogs, but the testes should already have descended to the scrotal sacs by week 16.

Undescended testes or cryptorchidism can often go unnoticed, especially if you miss veterinary checkups during puppyhood.

While hidden testes might not immediately raise alarms, the longer they remain within the body, the higher the risk of complications, with testicular cancer being a notable concern.

Your vet will be able to perform a thorough examination and provide an accurate diagnosis through palpation or imaging techniques such as ultrasound. Early detection plays a significant role in ensuring proper treatment options and preventing potential complications down the road.

Treatment Options

A few treatment options can be considered when dealing with cryptorchidism in dogs. The choice of treatment will depend on various factors, such as the dog’s age, the severity of the condition (one or two hidden testes), and any underlying health issues.

It is essential to consult with your veterinarian to determine the most appropriate course of action. One option for treating cryptorchidism is surgical intervention.

This involves performing an operation known as an orchidectomy or castration. During this procedure, the undescended testis or testes are removed.

While it may seem drastic, castration is often recommended as it eliminates the risk of complications associated with retained testicles, such as tumors and testicular torsion.

Another non-surgical treatment option for cryptorchidism is hormonal therapy. This involves administering hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to stimulate testicular descent.

However, it is worth noting that hormonal therapy has shown limited success rates and may not be effective in all cases.

Remember that the longer an undescended testicle remains in the body, the higher the risk of complications such as testicular cancer. Therefore, we´d like to stress that if you suspect your dog may have cryptorchidism, don’t delay seeking professional advice from your vet, who can guide you toward the most suitable treatment for your furry friend’s specific situation.

Breeding Implications

You know by now that cryptorchidism has a hereditary component.

This means that if a male dog has been diagnosed with this condition, it is more likely to pass it on to its offspring. Breeding a cryptorchid dog increases the chances of producing puppies with the same condition or even more severe cases in the next generation.

As responsible breeders, one must prioritize the health and well-being of their dogs. Breeding two cryptorchid dogs together should be strictly avoided to prevent perpetuating this condition, thus minimizing the prevalence of this condition within various breeds.

Continuously breeding affected individuals may contribute to unnecessary suffering for both parents and offspring.

Cryptorchidism can lead to various complications, such as testicular tumors or torsion, which can cause pain and affect the overall quality of life for affected animals. To ensure responsible breeding practices regarding cryptorchidism, it is highly recommended for breeders to seek guidance from veterinarians or reproductive specialists experienced in dealing with this condition.

Final Thoughts: The Hazard of Cryptorchidism in Dogs

Early detection of cryptorchidism in dogs is crucial for their overall health and well-being. By identifying this condition as soon as possible, owners can implement appropriate treatment and management strategies to prevent potential complications.

The prevalence of cryptorchidism varies among different breeds, but it is important for all dog owners to be aware of the signs and symptoms associated with this condition. When a testis is cryptorchid in dogs, it can lead to long-term consequences such as an increased risk of testicular cancer and infertility.

By diagnosing cryptorchidism early, veterinarians can recommend the most suitable treatment options, including surgical intervention to remove the retained testicle(s). This not only reduces the risk of cancer but also eliminates any potential breeding implications associated with cryptorchid dogs.

While some breeds may have a higher predisposition to cryptorchidism than others, responsible breeding practices should always be a priority. It is essential for breeders to avoid using cryptorchid dogs for breeding purposes.

This helps maintain the breed’s integrity and prevents the transmission of genetic abnormalities related to this condition. We can ensure their long-term health and happiness by prioritizing early detection through regular veterinary check-ups and being vigilant about any signs or symptoms of cryptorchidism in our canine companions.

Remember, knowledge is power when it comes to our furry friends’ well-being. So, let’s stay informed, take proactive measures when needed, and continue providing them with the love and care they deserve!

For a deeper understanding of cryptorchidism in mammals, we recommend exploring this topic through this scientific article.